Henry Ford - Biography

Ethical Relativism Essays - 990 Words

Ethical Relativism What is right and wrong is a widely opinionated discrepancy among the human race. It varies between cultures, societies, religion, traditions, and endless influential factors. Ethical relativism is described by John Ladd as the â€Å"doctrine that the moral rightness and wrongness of actions varies from society and that there are no absolute universal moral standards binding on all men at all times. Accordingly, it holds that whether or not it is right for an individual to act in a certain way depends on or is relative to the society to which he belongs†(Pojman, 24). Within the meaning of†¦show more content†¦This basically saying that â€Å"what is considered morally right and wrong varies form society to society†(Pojman,26), meaning that there is no universally morals which are accepted by all societies. This has truth to it because all cult ures differ, what might be right in one country/society/religion may not be morally acceptable in other societies. In some cultures it might be morally acceptable to value slavery, genocide, or female circumcision; even though one may not like or approve of these practices, a cultural relativist must say this was acceptable because these practices are deemed as being acceptable within that culture. The second is the dependency thesis, â€Å"whether or not it is right or wrong for an individual to act in a certain way depends on or is relative to the society to which she or he belongs† (Pojman, 26). This means that there are still going to be â€Å"fundamental disagreements† among societies due to the fact that there are different practices under the same moral principle. Which one is acceptable solely depends on which culture you are from and where it is practiced. Although ethical relativism makes valid points that there are no valid universal moral principles but rather moral principles that are relative to culture or an individual’s choice; it also has objections that in which problems arise from this theory. The idea of Subjectivism; which isShow MoreRelatedCultural Ethical Relativism : Cultural Relativism1186 Words   |  5 PagesCultural ethical relativists believe that morality is dependent on the culture the individual is involved with. While physical laws are universally accepted, morals are objective depending on where someone lives or who they grew up around. Furthermore, morality is formed based on the history of political and social instances in cultural ethical relativism. This theory of cultural ethical relativism is widely accepted throughout the world. It is so popular because there is empirical evidence thatRead MoreEthical Relativism And Moral Relativism962 Words   |  4 Pagesagainst moral relativism as the cor rect way to judge human morality. There are several issues with moral relativism, and I will focus on why moral relativism’s argument is false and also consider the implications of accepting relativism. I will propose an alternative framework for making moral judgments about right and wrong and consider relativist objections. Philosophers often vary in their usage of moral relativism, so, for the purpose of this paper, I will be considering moral relativism to be theRead MoreETHICAL (MORAL) RELATIVISM Essay1022 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿RUNNING HEADING: ETHICAL (MORAL) RELATIVISM Ethical (Moral) Relativism Exploring Kohlberg’s stance on Ethical Relativism JebbehG Ethics in Contemporary Society | PHI101 A01 July 17, 2013 Introduction Presently, Americans are comfortable relating ethics to individuality. Often times, American citizens expresses their right of freedoms to enhance their own sense of ethics or relativity. In defining relativism, moral principles are a matter of personal feelings andRead MoreMoral Relativism And The Ethical Dilemma1615 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction When I first looked at the instructions for this assignment the ethical dilemma I wanted to talk about came immediately to mind. It was a decision I made more than fifteen years ago but I still remember it and had never thought of it in terms of ethics before. When I started this unit and began looking at situations from that perspective I became more intrigued and wondered if any of the readings could help me understand why I came to the decision I did . I once made the decision toRead MoreEthical Relativism Moral Or Immoral1382 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 19, 2014 Ethical Relativism Moral or Immoral Ethical relativism is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one s culture. That is, whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced. Moral or ethical relativism is the idea that what is considered moral or immoral depends on the accepted behaviors within the society in which the determination is made. Therefore, what is considered moral or ethical in one societyRead MoreEthical Relativism Is A Problem For A Couple Reasons976 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Relativism is, â€Å"The theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one s culture.† Initially the answer to this question seems quite clear, however there is more then simply saying the bible is the inly source of moral code. That is all well and true but the differences in culture make this discussion a little more cloudy. Even though it is less clear cut, Christians cannot be ethical relativists. Even as society differs from c ulture to culture and different views are prevalentRead MoreMeta-Ethical Cultural Relativism Essay737 Words   |  3 PagesMeta-Ethical Cultural Relativism The thesis of meta-ethical cultural relativism is the philosophical viewpoint that there are no absolute moral truths, only truths relative to the cultural context in which they exist. From this it is therefore presumed that what one society considers to be morally right, another society may consider to be morally wrong, therefore, moral rights and wrongs are only relative to a particular society. Thus cultural relativism implies that what is good is whatRead MoreCultural Relativism Is An Important Ethical Theory And James Rachels Argument1091 Words   |  5 Pages Cultural Relativism is an important ethical theory and James Rachels’ argument is significant to provide evidence to prove and disprove the idea. It is important to call attention to and understand differences between cultures. Tolerance is also an valid concept when arguing Cultural Relativism. Regardless of the outcome or viewpoint of the argument it is significant in the fact that it raises awareness for tolera nce and differences between cultures and that no culture is more superior or more correctRead MoreEthical Relativism : Ethical And Moral Relativism Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pages 1. In the article Ethical Relativism, the authors give a quick overview of what ethical relativism is by defining what it is and what its problems and successes are. One thing that is helpful for analyzing ethical systems is looking at the system through the lense of different ethical situations. Since this article lacks this feature, we will be looking at the definition of ethical relativism in the case of Slavery to help show the problems that occur with this system. We will begin by summarizingRead MoreEthical Relativism : Moral Relativism1198 Words   |  5 Pages1.) The concepts of Ethical Relativism teach that societies evolve over time and change to fit circumstances. It exists in our lives and compares to other theories, such as moral nihilism, skepticism, subjectivism, and soft and hard univer salism. Ethical relativism is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one s culture. That is, whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced. Moral Nihilism, Skepticism, and Subjectivism

Stress Urinary Incontinence In Women Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Stress urinary incontinency ( SUI ) can impact up to 1 in 3 adult females between the ages of 16 to 65 old ages of age ( Fantl, 1996 ) doing it non an uncommon unwellness which frequently goes untreated due to embarrassment and low audience rates. There are a scope of causes of SUI although it is normally related back to a general weakening of the pelvic floor musculuss. However chief types of adult females affected are the aged ( Maggi, Minicuci, Langlois, Parvan, Enzi A ; Crepaldi, 2001 ) and female parents that have delivered via a natural kid birth. We will write a custom essay sample on Stress Urinary Incontinence In Women Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Differences in force per unit area: In a normal balance between vesica and urethral force per unit area, the urethra force per unit area usually wins, ensuing in the musculuss staying tight and closed, keeping in piss. However, activities such as coughing, express joying, sneezing or physical activity, such as raising heavy objects, will raise intraabdominal force per unit area which will in bend alteration vesica force per unit area doing incontinency ( Abrams, Stanton, Griffiths, Rosier, Ulmsten, Van Kerrebroeck, Victor A ; Wein, 2002 ) . Normal elimination of the vesica is due to this force per unit area displacement besides ; nevertheless in SUI the force is nonvoluntary. In SUI there is merely a deficiency of strength keeping these musculuss closed which is why sudden alterations in intraabdominal force per unit area can do the release of piss. Diagnosis: Initial diagnosing is simple with this unwellness and there is merely one major and obvious symptom ( with other minor symptoms that are secondary to the urinary incontinency ) . Diagnosis can merely happen if the patent is to show the symptom to a physician or medical practician, otherwise the issue can travel mostly untreated. Doctors will necessitate to travel through scope of patient proving to acquire a conclusive diagnosing. An accurate patient history will be required for things such as diet ( drinks high in water pills ) or old gestation ( weakening of the pelvic musculuss ) will necessitate to be noted ( Long, Giri A ; Flood, 2008 ) . Patients may necessitate to be referred onto specializers such as Urologists or Gynecologists for uranalysis and physical scrutinies severally. History: Arnold Kegel ( 1894-1981 ) was a gynecologist and the discoverer of the Kegel Perineometer ( an instrument applied to mensurating vaginal air force per unit area ) and the Kegel exercises which he developed after he recognised the strength lack in SUI sick persons. The term â€Å" Kegels † has become synonymous with pelvic floor beef uping. In 1948 he published a paper titled â€Å" The nonsurgical intervention of venereal relaxation ; usage of the perineometer as an assistance in reconstructing anatomic and functional construction † . His initial research used corpses, which proved to be useless after musculus wasting had set in. After trying to name utilizing merely internal tactual exploration straight onto the affected musculuss, he created the Perineometer apparatus – designed to mensurate from nothing to 100mmHg of force per unit area. After 30 designs and 18 old ages of Kegel ‘s research and instance surveies, the original device has lead the manner for more modern electromyography perineometers which measure electrical activity across the musculus alternatively of force per unit area exerted over the pubococcygeus. His groundbreaking research allowed adult females who antecedently were non cognizant, to understand that the knoll of musculuss could be contracted voluntarily ( Kegel 1948 ) . Physiology A ; Tissues injured The affects of Pregnancy: Day A ; Goad ( 2010 ) depict the pelvic floor as the â€Å" knoll of musculuss, get downing at the pubic bone at the forepart of the pelvic girdle and passing between the legs to the base of the spinal column † . This big group of musculuss ( known as the Pubococcygeus ) work together to back up the direct internal variety meats, command the intestine and vesica from releasing, play a function in sexual activity and of class, childbearing ( Haslam, 2004 ) . There are a battalion of endocrines being created and released during gestation, one in peculiar is Relaxin. Relaxin is a peptide endocrine that is produced by the principal luteum of the ovaries that encourages the ligaments and soft tissue to go more elastic to advance an easier birth ( Day 2010 ) . There is no uncertainty that gestation is a traumatic experience on a adult female ‘s organic structure. The violent birth procedure can do lacrimation of the vagina and the anal sphincter which can take anyplace from hebdomads or months to mend. The mechanics of childbearing are consistent with the form of hurt of SUI. The chief musculuss affected in SUI are the levator ani and coccygeus musculuss which together form the pelvic stop. Herschorn ( 2004 ) writes that it is of import to observe that a combination of effectual smooth, striated and connective tissue are indispensable for a urethral sphincter to be functional and watertight. All of these musculuss and tissues together are responsible for counterbalancing and fastening farther when intraabdominal force per unit areas change. While the womb can take anyplace from 6 to 8 hebdomads to travel return to its original size, frequently the pelvic floor ne’er to the full regains its initial strength and stringency ( Bar ton, 2004 ) . Prognosis What does this mean for our patient? Ideally, preventive strengthening is the ideal to advance the best recovery for this hurt. However, because Lucy has already had 3 natural childbearings, we can look to re-strengthening the pelvic floor musculuss with exercising. In the most terrible instances, surgery is recommended to mend the loss of tenseness and force per unit area. The most common signifier of surgery is the interpolation of a sling, which can be inserted laparoscopically or with minimum invasion via the vagina ( Daneshgari, Paraiso, Kaouk, Govier, Kozlowski A ; Kobashi, 2006 ) . The sling is a narrow strap designed to sit under the urethra and can be made from semisynthetic mesh or the patients ain tissues, donated from another country of the organic structure. Another impermanent step is the usage of Bulking injections ( Day A ; Goad, 2010 ) . It ‘s classified as impermanent because the process needs to be re-done about every 18 months. It involves the injection of substances that help maintain the ur ethra closed. The substances range from natural collagen, which can bring forth an allergic reaction in some patients, through to coaptite which is wholly man-made and more lasting. Suggested exercising suitable to lifestyle, hurt, recovery Technique: With right and regular day-to-day exercising from the patient, we can anticipate to see consequences within 6 hebdomads ( Choi, Palmer A ; Park, 2007 ) . The Kegel exercising required can be described as fastening your pelvic musculuss as if you are seeking to keep back from go throughing air current whilst straining around a tampon in your vagina at the same time. Because the knoll of musculuss tallies from the anal sphincter laterally to run into with the forepart of the pubic bone, insulating merely the vaginal musculuss of the pelvic floor is highly hard in new patients hence integrating the anal sphincter contraction is portion of the acquisition procedure and is still found to be rather effectual. Patients can look into right technique by sitting on a steadfast chair and executing a set of Kegel exercises – If they feel themselves move upward from the surface of the chair due to force per unit area exerted, so the action has been achieved right. Biofeedback: This is where Biofeedback comes in to play. Peterson ( 2008 ) writes that biofeedback allows adult females to place, insulate, contract, and loosen up the pelvic floor musculuss either on their ain or whilst utilising equipment. It is a type of behavioral therapy that creates feedback or consciousness about a physiological organic structure motion or action. Because there is such a concentration of musculus groups in a little country, patients may hold issues with designation and isolation. One suggestion would be for the patient to self-palpate their vagina during a contraction, usually whist bathing and reclining. One of the most effectual methods of supplying biofeedback is the usage of a stimulation investigation. The investigation is inserted into the vagina and shows visible radiations or graphs when the correct musculuss are being tightened. Tiny electrodes are attached to both the interior and out of the pelvic part, mensurating where and when force per unit area A ; electri city are activated during a musculus contraction. Optimal biofeedback therapy uses a wages and acknowledgment type system to educate the patient with right and wrong musculus visual images ( Abdelghany, Hughes, Lammers, Wellbrock, Buffington A ; Shank, 2001 ) . The patients see the right colors illuming up when right musculuss are engaged which provides positive support and furthermore, musculus memory. The natural re-training of the musculuss, coupled with a computerised ocular and audio feedback system shows the patient the direct relation to the physical control mechanism. Further methods are designed to recover optimization and the upper-hand in vesica control and release. The technique requires the patient to redact how the pelvic floor musculuss react when the vesica begins to make full, re-training it to â€Å" keep † for longer periods of clip. This is designed to promote the vesica to make full to its normal capacity before directing signals to the encephalon to emp ty or slop the piss. The intervention enhances the right musculuss required to lock-down the vesica successfully via the right sums of force per unit area needed. Exercise and vesica journals: It would be advisable for Lucy to maintain a journal of her Kegel exercisings and any cases of urinary incontinency, so she can supervise her ain betterments and progresss which will prolong personal motive. If she wishes to maintain a more advanced diary she can take to enter frequence of micturition, lessening of incontinency episodes A ; type, volume and frequence of unstable consumption. Initially they are helpful in set uping the badness of the urinary incontinency ; as clip goes on it will enter and expose for the patient the incremental positive alterations that may otherwise travel lost. How to cite Stress Urinary Incontinence In Women Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Clinical Governance Measuring Health System

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Governance for Measuring Health System. Answer: The move to foster quality health in New Zealand among nurses has been implemented in the recent years. An element such as clinical leadership has heavily been invested in by the government and non-governmental organisations so that the objective of ensuring constant quality is upheld in the country. There are various strengths associated with it, like accountability, professional development, quality assurance, fostering teamwork, improved health outcomes, collaboration among health workers, improved health resource management, among others. However, there are weaknesses like lack of enough information, insufficient resources, and mismanagement, inadequate support from the government and non-governmental organisations, and many others that will be discussed in this paper. Nursing, as a profession, is instrumental in maintaining and developing quality. It is the area of personal experience that integrated clinical governance, thus resulting in the identification of the strengths and weaknesses in this discussion. The New Zealand nursing council regulates the competencies and standards for registration, which always ensures competent and safe care of the New Zealand's public. Some of the important issues in the guideline includes Treaty of Waitangi, cultural safety, and Maori health. Among the specific traits of nurses are the promotion, optimisation, and protection of abilities and health, preventing injuries and illness, and alleviating the suffering of people from all walks of life. These traits are ensured through ethical behaviour, proper nursing education, health promotion and other vital functions ("Scopes of practice / Nurses / Home - Nursing Council of New Zealand," 2016). The New Zealand Nursing Council provides the vividly established scopes of practice for enrolled, registered and practitioner nurses. The values underpin practice in nursing and form the basis for the philosophy of nursing formulation. Among the values is upholding needs, rights and benefits of the patient in making decisions, no discrimination, maintaining a therapeutic relationship, advocacy for patient's, family's and community's rights, supervision of juniors and proper delegation, and a combination of science and art in the provision of care. Furthermore, the practice has to be based on the professional conduct principles that are provided in the updated professional ethics and code of conduct for registered midwives and nurses in New Zealand. Again, the scope of practice grows and changes as proficiency develops and factors such as the nurses education, collaboration in practice, the setting of practice, patient safety, outcomes of care and needs of the patient. In any organisation, teamwork is paramount, and nurses collaborate with other health practitioners like doctors, laboratory technicians, nutritionists, consultants, surgeons, and physiotherapists. Nurses are always interacting with patients and therefore, they note some specific issues that can help in the overall recuperation ("Scopes of practice / Nurses / Home - Nursing Council of New Zealand," 2016). For instance, a nurse has thrice chances of noting that a client is allergic to a given drug than a physician or a pharmacist. In this case, they may recommend halting the drug immediately and introducing an alternative one. In a nutshell, collaboration among the health practitioners is essential in ensuring positive patient outcomes and quality care. Nurses have a cordial relationship with their colleagues and counterparts. Definitions Clinical governance It is a structure through which organisations have to safeguard standards of care that are high and to be accountable for continuously advancing and improving the services they render to the public by providing an environment through which clinical care shall excel. In clinical practice, governance means that each team member must understand their role in the provision of quality care, improvement of care has to be realised through the most appropriate method, identification of issues that need advancement and planning and monitoring their development. Furthermore, being accountable for the care one provides, management of the personal practice and the ability to demonstrate to others that the care given is of quality. All these parameters have to be supplemented by credible leadership because it determines the provision of resources, education and other vital things (Gottwald Lansdown, 2014). Clinical governance empowers, improves and assures quality by the entire nursing profession. It is because nurses provide primary care, therefore upholding the governance guidelines improves care and promotes patient healing thus shortening the time of hospitalisation, early resumption of regular duties among other benefits (Reddy, 2013). Contemporary healthcare in New Zealand The modern health in New Zealand involves the utilisation of technology, improved training facilities, developed nursing practice, increased government funding among other developments (Arnaiz, 2016). Modern machines for dialysis, cardiac support and others are improved to meet public support. Intensive care units and general hospitals have also developed. Again, the use of quality strategies like clinical governance has helped New Zealand's contemporary health care. From 1983, the health sector of New Zealand has gone through four transformations. Each of them had different organisations meant for provision of care and funding. The Area Health Boards (AHBs) were between 1983 and 1993, Crown Health Enterprises (CHEs) and Regional Health Authorities (RHAs) were between 1993 and 1997 (Khan, 2014). Subsequently, Hospital and Health Services (HHSs) and Health Funding Authority (HFA) operated between 1997 and 2001, and finally, District Health Boards (DHBs) which came from 2001 ("Democratic Governance Health: Hospitals, Politics and Health Policy in New Zealand", 2013). The health demand in New Zealand is massive considering that most of the population consists of the senior citizens. These government policies have evolved in a bid to meet the high population needs of health care (Chan, 2013). Strengths of Clinical Governance. Clinical governance promotes quality in care. During the personal nursing practice, clinical leadership through the facilitation of models such as team nursing improved understanding of the patients condition and identification of the best interventions of care. Most of the patients aired their satisfaction with the facilitys means of providing nursing and medical attention. Other models like primary nursing were also utilised. Again, the nurse in charge always took the lead role in dispensing quality care. Clinical governance percolated from the top facility leadership to the ground; this saw that the other health practitioners like doctors and pharmacists upheld quality (Ashton, 2015). It improves the effectiveness of the health interventions. In a person's health, how effective medical attention is determines the health outcome. Clinical governance advocates for the quality prescription, administration of the right drugs, to the right patients and the right dosages. Aside from medical care, psychological and physical management such as bed bath and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) are also enhanced (Butcher, 2015). During my experience, a nurse, a nutritionist, a physiotherapist, a mechanical technician, a doctor, interns, and consultants were all present during a ward round. This move ensured that there could be maximum contributions towards the patient's health. Clinical governance provides continuous health education and development. Most practitioners who involve in governance seek further education because there is constant training by organisations such as government on quality clinical governance. During practice, there was a hospital policy, established through governance that sponsored outstanding practitioners for further studies. The initiative saw a healthy competition among practitioners and improved their quality of education. The in charges went for health management masters degrees and other fields like ICU and renal nursing, medical and surgical nursing among others. It has significantly improved the education for practitioners and personal development. Advancement of knowledge among health workers is the hallmark of superb health in any nation because experienced practitioners are efficient. It improves research and upholds evidence-based practice (EBP). Clinical governance has elements like leadership, evidence-based decision making, cooperation among clinicians, career development, and others. These features are improved through research. Also, EBP has to utilise research and it is advocated for in clinical governance. For continuity of any profession, research must be integrated, and health care is one of the prominent areas utilising it. During practice, there was a mandatory participation in research, for instance, the collaboration between the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand and the hospital on the commonest lifestyle behaviours in Wellington that gradually led to the development of cardiac problems (Gauld, 2013). Weaknesses of Clinical Governance. Among the most prominent weakness of clinical governance witnessed during the clinical practice is the lack of motivation and a poor attitude towards the strategy by the health practitioners. Since the approach was recently introduced in New Zealand, most health institutions prefer utilizing traditional health delivery methods that most of their staff understand well. The health workers also deem the approach, so involving and tedious thus shunning away. For instance, during the personal nursing practice, as the workers, it took much time to prove the importance of the system to colleagues and even the hospital management. Another challenge was the increased criticism of the method since it was new for adoption in the health system (Gottwald Lansdown, 2014). Clinical governance is very expensive. Most of the institutions in New Zealand were reluctant to use this approach because it needed much investment in research and supplemental activities like transport, accommodation among others. For instance, when an institution sponsors an individual for further education, and seminars of clinical governance spends a lot of money. Therefore, the method can only be feasible in well-established settings and discriminates upcoming hospitals and nursing homes. Even the government has a hard time to ensure clinical governance is uniform in the health system. Revenue projected to the sector is insufficient because full realisation demands much money that can lead to suspension of other important tasks like procurement of drugs and other supplies in health institutions (Gauld Horsburgh, 2015). Again, the approach is time-consuming. For the effective outcome of the process to be achieved, a long wait is to be endured. In the initial stages of implementation of the approach in the New Zealand's contemporary health care environment, positive results have not been seen instead losses and frustrations of massive investment in the project. This finding has orchestrated negative reception of clinical governance by institutions, individuals, the government and non-governmental agencies. Additionally, it requires a bureaucratic process in implementation from the senior health workers to the junior ones. Most of the practitioners do not understand the requirements of clinical governance because it has a sophisticated content that needs vivid scrutiny and study (Gauld Horsburgh, 2015). Therefore, if they engage in the approach, its hard for them to exhibit the consciousness of its importance, and ultimately give up. Conclusion It has been found that clinical governance is vital in maintaining quality considering the numerous strengths that have been discussed in this paper. The advantages include the promotion of quality care, improvement of the effectiveness of health interventions, ensuring continuous health education and individual development, and improvement of research. Despite the strengths, there are weaknesses that have been explored as well. They include reduced motivation and attitude by the workers to this approach; it is expensive for most of the institutions and individuals in New Zealand, bureaucratic, time-consuming and it is hard to understand especially for the novice practitioners ("Health Promotion: Ideology, discipline, and specialism", 2015). Recommendations Considering the findings in this discussion, the following recommendations have been proposed; The government should increase funding to health institutions to foster clinical governance. Health practitioners to embrace a personal urge for evidence-based practice (EBP). The government to enact policies and plans for motivating health leaders to embrace clinical governance. New Zealand nursing council to promote governance in nursing education. Political interference in health care to be abolished and proper legislations put in place. Seminars and training programs to be intensified in health institutions. A campaign for the change of attitude towards clinical governance to be initiated. An all-rounded support system to be identified by experts in support of the strategy. Public cooperation to be championed so that clinical governance gets back up. Constitutional amendments should be done in a bid to enable nurses and other health workers perform some extra duties and mandatory upgrading of education. Hospital policies to be proposed requiring every hospital to adopt clinical governance as their way of operation. Organisation of exchange programs among different staff to be done. References Arnaiz, F. (2016). New Funding Models Help Improve Access to Healthcare.Globe Policy. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12361 Ashton, T. (2015). Measuring health system performance: A new approach to accountability and quality improvement in New Zealand.Health Policy,119(8), 999-1004. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.04.012 Butcher, W. (2015). Spirituality, Religion, and Psychiatric Practice in New Zealand: An Exploratory Study of New Zealand Psychiatrists. HSCC,3(2), 176-190. https://dx.doi.org/10.1558/hscc.v3i2.26544 Chan, H. (2013). Institutional policies and guidelines for informed choices and decision making: a review of acp policies in selected district health boards in new Zealand.BMJ Supportive Palliative Care,3(2), 245.1-245. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2013-000491.51 Democratic Governance Health: Hospitals, Politics and Health Policy in New Zealand. (2013).Australian And New Zealand Journal Of Public Health,37(5), 497-497. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12143 Gauld, R. (2013). Development of Clinical governance: learning from the New Zealand experience.Postgraduate Medical Journal,90(1059), 43-47. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-131198 Gauld, R. Horsburgh, S. (2014). Measuring progress with clinical governance development in New Zealand: perceptions of senior doctors in 2010 and 2012.BMC Health Services Research,14(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-014-0547-8 Gauld, R. Horsburgh, S. (2015). Are some health professionals more cognizant of clinical governance development concepts than others? Findings from a New Zealand study.J Public Health,38(2), 363-370. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdv045 Gauld, R. Horsburgh, S. (2015). Healthcare professionals' perceptions of clinical governance implementation: a qualitative New Zealand study of 3205 open-ended survey comments.BMJ Open,5(1), e006157-e006157. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006157 Gottwald, M. Lansdown, G. (2014).Clinical Governance. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Health Promotion: Ideology, discipline, and specialism. (2015). Australian And New Zealand Journal Of Public Health,39(6), 593-593. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12417 Hoare, K., Mills, J., Francis, K. (2013). Being willing to role model. Reciprocity between new graduate nurses and experienced practice nurses in general practice in New Zealand: A constructivist grounded theory. Collegian,20(2), 87-93. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2012.03.009 Holloway, K. (2012). The New Zealand Nurse Specialist Framework: Clarifying the Contribution of the Nurse Specialist.Policy, Politics, Nursing Practice,13(3), 147-153. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527154412459083 Khan, K. (2014). The CROWN Initiative: journal editors invite researchers to develop core outcomes in women's health.Aust N Z J Obstet Gynecol,54(4), 298-299. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajo.12240 Lugo, M. Secker-Walker, J. (2015).Advancing clinical governance. London: Royal Society of Medicine Press. MacVane Phipps, F. (2015). Clinical Governance Review 20.2.Clinical Governance: An Intl J,20(2), 101-104. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cgij-06-2015-0017 Reddy, K. (2013). The efficacy of the principle-based corporate governance practices: a case study of New Zealand.International Journal Of Corporate Governance,4(2), 138. https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcg.2013.055755 Scopes of practice / Nurses / Home - Nursing Council of New Zealand. (2016).Nursingcouncil.org.nz. Retrieved 23 August 2016, from https://www.nursingcouncil.org.nz/Nurses/Scopes-of-practice